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Table 2 Factors associated with ZPP-haem ratio measured in whole blood or erythrocytes, crude analysisa

From: Diagnostic utility of zinc protoporphyrin to detect iron deficiency in Kenyan preschool children: a community-based survey

Factor

Number

Whole blood ZPP-haem ratio

Erythrocyte ZPP-haem ratio

  

Geometric mean

Δb

(95% CI)

Geometric mean

Δb

(95% CI)

Age

 12–23.99 months

162

199

Ref

 

163

Ref

 

 24–36 months

176

178

−10.8%

(−21.2% to 0.9%)

134

−18.1%

(−4.3% to −29.9%)

Sex

 Girls

152

179

Ref

 

135

Ref

 

 Boys

186

195

9.4%

(−3.4% to 23.8%)

158

16.4%

(−0.5% to 36.1%)

Inflammation (CRP concentration > 5 mg/L)

 No

210

180

Ref

 

144

Ref

 

 Yes

128

201

11.4%

(−1.9% to 26.5%)

153

6.6%

(−9.3% to 25.4%)

Inflammation (AGP concentration > 1 g/L)

 No

123

166

Ref

 

136

Ref

 

 Yes

215

201

21.4%

(7.0% to 37.9%)

154

13.3%

(−3.7% to 33.3%)

Inflammation (CRP concentration > 5 mg/L or AGP concentration > 1 g/L)

 No

112

166

Ref

 

137

Ref

 

 Yes

226

199

20.0%

(5.4% to 36.7%)

153

11.4%

(−5.6% to 31.6%)

Iron deficiency (ferritin concentration < 12 μg/L)

 No

276

173

Ref

 

132

Ref

 

 Yes

57

278

60.4%

(36.9% to 87.8%)

255

93.6%

(58.8% to 136.0%)

Anaemia

 No

150

135

Ref

 

103

Ref

 

 Yes

188

244

81.4%

(63.3% to 101.4%)

195

89.1%

(64.3% to 117.5%)

Plasmodium infection, any species

 No

212

167

Ref

 

131

Ref

 

 Yes

123

230

37.5%

(21.5% to 55.6%)

180

38.1%

(18.6% to 60.8%)

Plasma ferritin concentration, 5.11-fold changed, e

  

−16.7%

(−24.6% to −7.9%)

 

−18.1%

(−24.1% to −11.6%)

Plasma sTfR concentration, 1.43-fold changed

  

38.3%

(34.0% to 42.7.0%)

 

66.8%

(57.7% to 76.4%)

Plasma CRP concentration, 2.72-fold changed

  

3.5%

(0.8% to 6.2%)

 

6.8%

(−1.2% to 15.5%)

Plasma AGP concentration, 1.60-fold changed

  

23.7%

(10.0% to 39.1%)

 

7.1%

(−1.0% to 15.8%)

Haemoglobin concentration, change by 13.2 g/Lf, g

  

−29.8%

(−33.1% to −26.2%)

 

−31.5%

(−35.9% to −26.7%)

Plasma albumin concentration, change by 3.9 g/Lf

  

−7.0%

(−12.5% to −1.1%)

 

−1.4%

(−8.9% to 6.7%)

Plasma vitamin B12 concentration, change by 213 pmol/Lf

  

7.0%

(0.6% to 13.9%)

 

6.1%

(−2.0% to 14.8%)

  1. AGP α 1-acid glycoprotein, CRP C-reactive protein, GSD geometric standard deviation, Ref reference, SD standard deviation, sTfR soluble transferrin receptor, ZPP zinc protoporphyrin
  2. aZPP values were normalised by log-transformation; exponentiation of results yielded associations being expressed as relative differences; bDifference; cBased on HRP2- and pLDH-based dipstick test results; dCorresponding to 1 geometric standard deviation; eFor example, a 5.11-fold increase in plasma ferritin concentration, which corresponds to a variation that is equivalent to addition of 1 SD on a log-transformed scale, is associated with a reduction in the whole blood ZPP-haem ratio by 16.7%; fCorresponding to 1 SD; gFor example, an increase in haemoglobin concentration by 13.2 g/L, which corresponds to an increase by 1 SD, is associated with a reduction in the whole blood ZPP-haem ratio by 29.8%
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