Profile of hematological abnormalities of Indian HIV infected individuals

Background Hematological abnormalities are a common complication of HIV infection. These abnormalities increase as the disease advances. Bone marrow abnormalities occur in all stages of HIV infection. Methods Two hundred HIV infected individual were screened for hematological abnormalities from March 2007–March 2008. Absolute CD4 cell count analysis was carried out by flowcytometry. Depending on the results of the primary screening further investigations were performed, like iron studies, hemolytic work up, PNH work up and bone marrow evaluation. Other investigations included coagulation profile, urine analysis, blood culture (bacterial, fungal, mycobacterial), serology for Epstein Barr virus (EBV), Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Hepatitis B and C, and Parvo B19 infection. Results The most common hematological abnormality was anemia, seen in 65.5% (131/200) patients. Iron deficiency anemia was seen in 49.2% (/200) cases while anemia of chronic disease occurred in 50.7% (/200) cases. Bone marrow evaluation was carried out in 14 patients out of which staging marrow was performed in 2 cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and did not show any bone marrow infiltration. In remaining12 cases bone marrow was done for evaluation of pancytopenia. Among patients with pancytopenia 50% (6/12) showed granulomas (4 were positive for AFB, 2 were positive for fungal cryptococci), 25% (3/12) showed hemophagocytosis. There was a strong negative correlation between anemia and CD4 counts in this study. Thrombocytopenia was seen in 7% (14/200) cases and had no significant correlation with CD4 counts. No patient had absolute neutrophil count (ANC) < 800 cells/μL. No case of coagulation abnormalities was found. Conclusion Anemia in HIV patients can be a good clinical indicator to predict and access the underlying immune status. Patients should be investigated for hematological manifestations and appropriate steps should be taken to identify and treat the reversible factors.


Background
Hematological abnormalities are among the most common complications of HIV. These involve all lineages of blood cells [1]. HIV associated hematological abnormalities seem to be dependent on the level of virus replication, as these abnormalities are severe in late-stage AIDS patients with high viremia. The mechanism underlying these abnormalities is still obscure. A specific diagnosis of the cause and mechanism must be sought because specific treatment may be needed for its correction [1].
Anemia is the most common hematological abnormality in HIV seropositive patients and its incidence is strongly associated with the progression of the disease. Neutropenia is common in the advanced stages of AIDS and often caused or exacerbated by concomitant myelosuppressive drugs. Adverse drug reactions and their complications can cause neutropenia in patients with HIV/AIDS. Thrombocytopenia is correlated with low CD4 cell count and older age [2][3][4]. Bone marrow abnormalities are found in all stages of HIV disease, increasing in frequency as the disease progresses. A number of characteristic but nonspecific, morphologic abnormalities of the bone marrow of AIDS patients have been reported [5]. Bone marrow examination may be useful for the definitive assessment of iron stores which can assist in the differentiation of iron-deficiency anemia from anemia of chronic disease. There is paucity of data from India on the hematological manifestations of HIV which prompted us to conduct this study. We systematically assessed 200 HIV infected individuals attending immunodeficiency clinic, PGIMER, to look for various hematological manifestations. Detailed history, general and systemic examination was carried out with emphasis on signs suggesting hematological system involvement like pallor, jaundice, edema, lymphadenopathy, koilonychias, angular cheilitis, glossitis, ecchymosis/purpura, sternal tenderness, hepatosplenomegaly and peripheral neuritis.

Methods
The investigations included complete hemogram with peripheral blood picture, complete biochemistry. Depending on the results of the primary screening further investigations were carried out -like iron studies, hemolytic work up, Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) work up and bone marrow study. Other investigations included coagulation profile, urine analysis, blood culture (bacterial, fungal, mycobacterial), serology for EBV, CMV, Parvo B19) and viral markers (HB S Ag & Anti HCV). Absolute CD4 cell count analysis was carried out by flowcytometry. All 200 patients had been divided into two groups, those having CD4 counts less than 200 cells/ μL (Group 1) and those with CD4 counts more than 200 cells/μL (Group 2).

Bone marrow study
Bone marrow study was carried out in case of nonresponding anemia, thrombocytopenia, pancytopenia and suspected hematological malignancy. As per indications of bone marrow study, posterior superior iliac spine was the site for bone marrow aspiration and biopsy. Bone marrow smears were stained with May Grunwald's-Geimsa stain and examined by a hematopathologist. Bone marrow samples were carefully evaluated for cellularity, differential counts, dysplastic changes, fibrosis, granulomas, organisms and iron stores. Special stains were done whenever indicated which included cytochemical stains like myeloperoxidase (MPO), periodic acid schiff's (PAS), perl's and leucocyte alkaline phospatase (LAP) stain. Reticulin stain on trephine biopsy was also performed. The bone marrow aspirates were sent for bacterial, fungal and AFB cultures.

Statistical analysis
Descriptive statistics was expressed as mean ± SD (Range). Comparisons between data were done by Student's t test and chi-square test. A p value < 0.05 was taken as statistically significant.
The study was carried out after obtaining permission from the Institute's Ethics Committee.

Bone marrow abnormalities
Out of 200 patients, bone marrow aspiration was carried out in 14 (7%) individuals. Among 14 patients, two patients had non Hodgkin's lymphoma and remaining 12 patients were evaluated for pancytopenia. Six each had (42.8%, n = 6) hypocellular marrow and hypercellular marrow while 14.2% (n = 2) had normocellular marrow (14.2%). Among 12 patients with pancytopenia, bone marrow trephine biopsy revealed epithelioid cell granulo- mas in 6 cases (4 were positive for AFB, 2 were positive for fungal profiles, morphologically and cytochemically consistent with cryptococci), 3 cases showed hemophagocytosis and 3 cases showed no specific pathology. Staging marrow carried out in two patients with lymphoma (NHL) did not show any infiltration of lymphoma cells.

Discussion and Conclusion
Hematological complications are a common cause of mortality in HIV infected patients. Cytopenias are most frequent during the advanced stage of disease [1]. We evaluated various hematological manifestations on 200 consecutive HIV seropositive patients who presented to the Immunodeficiency clinic PGIMER, Chandigarh, irrespective of their ART status. We also correlated the final hematological diagnosis of the patients with the CD4 count.
Anemia was the most common presentation. Among 200 individuals, 131 (65.5%) were found to be anemic out of which 4 (3%) cases were in asymptomatic group and 127 (97%) were in symptomatic group (p < 0.001). Our results on prevalence of anemia showed comparable results with other studies from India [9][10][11]. In a study by Mir et al on a cohort of 60 HIV infected individuals reported anemia, thrombocytopenia, leucopenia and various permutations of these in majority of individuals [12]. The highest rate of anemia occurs in patients with advanced HIV disease. In our study out of 131 patients, 92.4% (n = 121) cases were those with CD4 counts <200 cells/μL, while 7.6% (n = 10) patients were those with CD4 counts >200 cells/μL and there was statistically significant difference (p < 0.001) between both the groups. Severe anemia (defined as hemoglobin less than 7.5 gm/ dl) was observed in 18.5% (n = 37) patients as compared to 7% in a study by Kasthuri et al [9].
The cumulative incidence of anemia was highest among patients who had CD4 lymphocyte count < 200 cells/μL and was lowest with CD4 lymphocyte count > 500 cells/ μL, showing an inverse correlation between anemia and CD4 cell count (p < 0.001). HIV infected individuals with anemia are at increased risk for progression to AIDS and mortality, recovery from anemia has been associated with a decreased risk of deaths. We did not estimate the survival in patients with and without anemia, as this was a descriptive study, though the literature clearly indicates that it does affect the survival [13].  [14].
In this study we did not find any patient with hemolytic anaemia. Viral markers were also performed in anaemic patients None of the infective agents evaluated by serology, including EBV, CMV, Parvo B 19 or Hepatitis B were positive, except for 3 patients positive for Hepatitis C. These 3 patients had CD4 counts <200 cells/μL and serum ferritin more than 500 μg/dl which suggests anemia of chronic disease.
Thrombocytopenia is known to be a frequent complication of HIV infection (1,2). The mean platelet count in our cohort was 239.8 ± 101.3 × 10 3 /μl (range 13.6-685 × 10 3 /μl). It had no significant correlation with CD4 counts confirming to the data with the previous study [10]. Prevalence of thrombocytopenia is reported to be higher among persons with AIDS, older persons, homosexuals and injecting drug users [15].
We did not detect any case of neutropenia with ANC of less than 1000 cells/mm 3 . The result differ from previous study by Suresh et al in which 22.7% cases had neutropenia [10]. We also did not find any patient with coagulation abnormalities. Bone marrow examination was carried out in 7% (n = 14) patients. Among 14 patients, 6 each had hypocellular and hypercellular marrow while 2 patients had a normocellular marrow. The bone marrow trephine biopsy showed epithelioid cell granulomas in 6 patients (4 were positive for AFB, 2 were positive for fungal profiles, morphologically and cytochemically consistent with cryptococci). Hemophagocytosis was prominently seen in 3 cases, without evidence of any coinfection. Two patients with lymphoma (NHL) showed no infiltration by lymphoma cells. HIV infection may lead to anemia in different ways; the important causes are defective iron metabolism and reutilization, nutritional deficiencies, opportunistic infections, ART, administration of chemotherapeutic agents and advanced stage of disease with its complications. Therefore, consideration should be given to monitoring anemia in all HIV-positive individuals and to offer supplements like iron preparations, vitamin B12 or folic acid, and in severe cases to provide erythropoietin treatment or blood transfusions, in case indicated.