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Table 2 Microbiological findings associated with heamoglobin status, univariate polytomous logistic regression

From: Sickle-cell disease in febrile children living in a rural village of Madagascar and association with malaria and respiratory infections

Microorganism

Heterozygous form HbAS (n = 177)

Homozygous form HbSS (n = 19)

Crude odds ratio (95% CI)*

p

Crude odds ratio (95% CI)*

p

> = 1 bacteria from blood

0.8 (0.4–2.0)

0.7

3.8 (1.04–14.2)

0.04

> = 1 bacteria from respiratory sample

1.2 (0.6–2.2)

0.62

NE

> = 1 virus from respiratory sample

0.9 (0.6–1.3)

0.57

0.5 (0.2–1.3)

0.15

Coinfection from respiratory sample

0.9 (0.6–1.3)

0.65

0.7 (0.3–1.8)

0.44

Viral coinfection from respiratory sample

0.7 (0.5–1.1)

0.1

2.4 (0.9–6.1)

0.08

Blood

S. pneumoniae

0.8 (0.2–3.1)

0.8

3.0 (0.4–24.1)

0.31

S. aureus,

0.8 (0.2–3.1)

0.8

3.0 (0.4–24.1)

0.31

H. influenzae

0.4 (0.05–3.6)

0.44

4.7 (0.5–40.0)

0.16

Respiratory sample

S. pneumoniae

1.2 (0.7–2.0)

0.56

NE

S. aureus

1.6 (0.9–2.9)

0.14

1.9 (0.4–8.4)

0.42

H. influenzae

1.0 (0.6–1.7)

0.85

0.4 (0.05–3.0)

0.37

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

0.6 (0.07–5.5)

0.68

NE

Chlamydia pneumoniae

2.3 (0.7–7.4)

0.15

NE

 Respiratory syncytial virus A and B

1.9 (1.2–3.0)

0.01

NE

 Human metapneumovirus A and B

0.6 (0.3–1.1)

0.11

NE

 Human rhinovirus

1.0 (0.7–1.5)

0.9

1.8 (0.6–4.8)

0.27

 Human parainfluenzavirus 1

0.9 (0.4–2.0)

0.73

NE

 Human parainfluenzavirus 2

1.2 (0.4–3.5)

0.68

NE

 Human parainfluenzavirus 3

1.2 (0.5–2.9)

0.7

1.7 (0.2–13.5)

0.6

 Human parainfluenzavirus 4

0.5 (0.06–4.5)

0.56

NE

 Human coronavirus 229E

NE

5.5 (0.6–48.4)

0.12

 Human coronavirus NL63

1.2 (0.4–3.2)

0.79

NE

 Human coronavirus OC43

0.5 (0.2–1.4)

0.21

1.1 (0.1–8.5)

0.93

 Human coronavirus HKU1

1.2 (0.3–4.6)

0.78

NE

 Influenza virus A

NE

NE

 Influenza virus A (H1N1)/pdm09

0.2 (0.03–1.7)

0.15

2.3 (0.3–18.8)

0.43

 Influenza virus B

0.9 (0.4–2.2)

0.88

NE

 Human parechovirus

0.4 (0.04–2.8)

0.32

7.8 (1.6–38.9)

0.01

 Human adenovirus

1.0 (0.6 (1.7)

0.94

1.8 (0.6–5.5)

0.32

 Human bocavirus

0.7 (0.4–1.3)

0.24

1.4 (0.4–5.0)

0.58

 Enterovirus

0.5 (0.2–1.1)

0.09

0.7 (0.09–5.4)

0.73

  1. *After polytomous univariate logistic regression, compared with normal form HbAA (n = 569)
  2. NE, non estimable